From: Vitamin D axis and its role in skin carcinogenesis: a comprehensive review
Mechanism | References |
---|---|
General carcinogenesis: | |
Anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, pro-apoptotic, cell-differentiating and anti-invasive effects in tumor cells | |
Higher levels of VD are correlated with decreased risk of breast, colon, renal, hepatic and tobacco-related cancers. | |
Associated to a decrease in the risk of specific cancer overall survival in breast, colon, hepatic, and bladder carcinomas | [3] |
Vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of cancer in postmenopausal women | [40] |
Skin cancer: | |
Reduction in melanoma cells proliferation in vitro. | [52] |
Induces melanoma cells differentiation, inhibits angiogenesis and invasion | [29] |
Activates DNA repair enzymes after UV irradiation of melanocytes | |
Inhibits sonic hedgehog pathway in basal cell carcinoma | [46] |
Inhibits squamous cell carcinoma cells | [49] |
Role in the expression of E-cadherin and B-catenin in basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and in melanoma. | |
Arrests tumor cell cycle in G1/S, inhibiting cyclin D1 and upregulating p27 and p21. | [53] |